10/10/2025
Astronomers may have discovered a brand-new class of cosmic objectsāblack hole starsāthanks to a mysterious speck of light from the early universe.
A new study analyzing a faint reddish object nicknamed The Cliff suggests it may be the first direct evidence of a supermassive black hole cloaked inside a massive cloud of hot hydrogen, forming a star-like structure thatās never been observed before.
The Cliff, spotted by the James Webb Space Telescope, exhibits a striking feature in its light spectrum known as the Balmer breakāa sharp dip in ultraviolet light caused by hydrogen atoms absorbing specific wavelengths. Such breaks are typically signs of older galaxies filled with A-type stars, which only appear after the hotter, shorter-lived O and B stars die off. But hereās the cosmic puzzle: The Cliff existed just 600 million years after the Big Bangāfar too early for a galaxy to mature to that stage.
To explain this paradox, researchers from the Max Planck Institute developed a model for what they call a black hole star. In this scenario, a supermassive black hole sits at the center, actively feeding on matter while surrounded by a thick hydrogen envelope.
This hydrogen shroud mimics the atmosphere of a giant star, producing a Balmer break and other spectral features that look stellarābut the core is not powered by fusion, it's a black hole heating up the gas through accretion.
The idea is bold but promising. Simulations of this black hole star model matched the observed spectrum of The Cliff remarkably well, suggesting that some of the red dots seen in early JWST images may not be ancient galaxies at all, but black holes hiding inside stellar-like cocoons. While still theoretical, this could rewrite our understanding of early cosmic evolution, offering a new explanation for seemingly mature features seen so soon after the Big Bang.
Further observations will be crucial. The Cliff, thanks to its clear signal and favorable distance, offers an ideal testbed for refining models of black hole stars. If confirmed, this discovery would reveal an entirely new phase in the life of black holesāand a previously unknown ingredient in the recipe of the early universe.