12/22/2025
Up and Down the Kennebec Valley: China town reports – 1861-1906 (Part 2)
by Mary Grow
Care of Paupers
The China reports between 1861 and 1906 that John Glowa donated and that started this subseries include more than the selectmen’s financial summaries described last week. There is also financial and other information from and about the town poor farm and other town boards.
After the first article based on these reports ran in the Dec. 11 issue of The Town Line, Albion historian Phil Dow was inspired to donate his collection, which starts in 1855, fills in some of the gaps in the earlier donation and continues through much more of the 20th century. Many thanks, Phil!
Since more information is available, this subseries will be extended. Your writer hopes readers will be as intrigued by these historical records as she is.
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Financial transactions concerning indigents in China’s town reports included supporting the poor farm; supporting paupers off the farm; and paying or receiving payment from other towns as people moved.
After two decades of discussion, in 1845 China voters bought a farm on the east shore of China Lake where some paupers lived, with a resident couple superintending. It was known as the town farm, poor farm or almshouse. The China bicentennial history summarizes its use until March 1911, when voters gave selectmen discretion to close it and they chose to do so.
In the year 1854-1855 (now the earliest report your writer has), the selectmen divided the cost of caring for the poor into four sections, totaling $462.13. About half, $231.54, was for supporting paupers on the town farm, including the superintendent’s (unspecified) pay and $20 for two men for “medical attendance.” In addition, the selectmen spent $78.27 to buy the farm a cow ($20), a cart and wheels ($18), a plow ($8) and materials for a hog-house ($32.27).
Another $118.50 was paid to the towns of Rockland, Richmond and Pittston as reimbursement for their support of paupers who were legally China residents.
The costs incurred under “support of poor in town off farm” included supplies for named recipients, two coffins and the cost of digging a grave (apparently $1.25, because one coffin cost $4 and the coffin plus grave-digging cost $5.25).
In their report, the three selectmen wrote that the number of poor on the farm (not given) and the cost were about the same as in past years, “notwithstanding the high price of provisions.” They commended Superintendent Parmeter and his wife for their management.
In 1860, supporting paupers cost taxpayers $729.36. The average population on the poor farm was “about” 16, “most of them old and decrepid [sic] and not able to render any service on the farm.”
The selectmen valued the farm’s “stock, hay and provisions,” as of March 1, 1861, at $736.57. Fifteen tons of hay were worth $216; six cows were valued at $140 and two oxen at $80. The least valuable item they noted was 25 pounds of candles, worth $3.
In 1862-1863, farm costs totaled $796.46, including three funerals and two coffins (selectman Thomas B. Lincoln charged $11 for the coffins). The farm inventory as of Feb. 28, 1863, was worth $740.88, including 17 tons of hay valued at only $170. Candles were not mentioned.
The next year, paupers on the farm cost $306.93, out of $882.26 pauper expenses. That year, 17 tons of hay were worth $289, and the selectmen valued the total inventory (again without counting candles) at $1,031.12. They added that “there is a large amount of provisions on hand,” which they hoped would “lessen the expenses for the family on the farm” for the 1864-1865 year.
In 1864-1865, the farm expenses were up slightly, at $317.85, while the total for caring for the poor was down significantly, at $728.75. In March 1864 China voters had elected three new selectmen, who are not named in the list of town officials receiving reimbursements, wrote no summary and did not sign their financial report; so there is no explanation of anything.
The China bicentennial history names these selectmen as Ambrose H. Abbot (or Abbott), Nathan Redlon and John Libbey (see box). In the report copy your writer has are the three men’s faded signatures, in ink. They did get paid for serving: “First Selectman, Assessor and Highway Surveyor, $100.00″; Second Selectman, for same, $78.50”: “Third Selectman, for same, $55.”
None of the three had previously been a selectman. Abbott and Libbey did not serve again after the one year; Redlon stayed on the board for two more years.
The reports your writer has through the rest of the 19th century show expenses for the poor staying under $1,000 most years, and varying numbers of paupers living on the farm. The selectmen write favorable comments on the management of the farm by a series of superintendents.
In the 1869-1870 report, farm superintendent Henry C. Hamilton’s annual salary was listed as $250. In 1874-1875, J. F. Plummer got $325; in 1879-1880, L. A. Jackson $300.
In 1880-1881, the Jacksons retired and were replaced by Mr. and Mrs. H. H. Freeman. They earned only $200 – and praise in the selectmen’s report.
“We think Mr. Freeman has cared well for the farm, and that the poor have been kindly treated by him. We wish to give special recommendation to Mrs. Freeman. Although occupying one of the most difficult and arduous positions, she has filled it to our entire satisfaction, her management has been firm, her treatment kind and she has left nothing undone which could secure comfort and peace among her unfortunate charges.”
By the early 1870s, expenses off the farm began including payments to the “insane hospital” in Augusta. They continued to be listed in future reports, often running over $200 annually.
The selectmen’s report of March 14, 1879, recommended the town “dispose of” the poor farm and buy another, more suitable one. The next year, two of the same board members and one new one wrote that it was their policy to “bring all paupers belonging to the town to the town farm,” so there was a need for “larger and better accommodations.”
In that year’s report, the average number of paupers on the farm was 18. Six people supported off the farm were named. China paid the cities of Augusta and Bangor and the towns of Athens, Clinton, Lexington and Palermo for others (including moving costs paid to Lexington [$23.99] and Athens [for a family, $8.01]; each town is about 50 miles from China).
In the 1881-1882 year, the cost of caring for the poor rose to almost $1,600, one of several accounts overexpended that year — unavoidably, selectmen D. (Dana) C. Hanson, F. (Freeman) H. Crowell and S. (Samuel) C. Starrett wrote. Two major expenditures were to Augusta for the Moor family ($154.03) and for G. W. or J. W. Lord ($165.87; Lord’s first initial is different on two different pages), for “long and severe” sicknesses.
Two years later, the 1883-1884 report calculated the cost at a little over $730. Three of 10 resident paupers had died, leaving seven as the fiscal year closed March 5, 1884. The selectmen commented that the farm had “contributed largely towards the support of the poor,” and the superintendent had been thrifty but had provided all necessities.
In the 1886-1887 report, $251.97 for expenses for the insane, plus other expenses on and off the farm, minus payments from Fairfield and Vassalboro for support of the York family, brought the year’s total to $712.10. One of the seven people on the farm died during the year.
In 1894-1895, farm superintendent John N. Hall was paid $225 for his services, plus $160 for a horse (your writer assumes a horse the town bought for him, but perhaps it was a horse the town bought from him). The selectmen wrote (March 9, 1895) that he and his wife had “performed their duties in a very satisfactory manner.” A coffin cost $6.50 that year; the bill for caring for two insane people was $212.02.
In 1897, Hall’s annual salary was up to $250. As of March 6, 1897, there were six “inmates.” But, the selectmen added, during the year almost 100 tramps had been given supper, a night’s lodging and breakfast, “adding materially to the expense and labor of the farm.”
By March 7, 1901, only five people lived on China’s poor farm. Pauper expenses, on and off the farm, for 1900-1901, totaled about $1,540, an amount that included repairing the barn.
(The selectmen named Mr. and Mrs. E. W. Haskell as the poor farm’s live-in superintendent and wife that year. The men paid for labor on the barn were Everett J. Haskell, $5; H. B. Haskell, $5; and J. H. Haskell, $4.)
The report for the year ending Feb. 20, 1906, showed four paupers living on the farm, up from three at the end of the prior year (which started with six; three died during the year). Superintendent Wilbur H. Taylor and his wife were paid $225. The farm’s stock and produce were valued at $681.65, including 20 tons of hay worth $140, a $100 horse, $1.25 worth of baskets and a chain and an iron bar valued at $1 each.
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Those bashful 1864-1865 selectmen
Ambrose H. Abbott or Abbot (1813 – March 9, 1882) was a respected resident of South China. A footnote in the China bicentennial history says his name is spelled Abbott in town records, but when he was town clerk and record-keeper, “he spelled his name Abbot.”
Abbott served as selectman only the one year, but held other local, state and federal offices. From Jan. 22, 1842, to June 21, 1853, he was South China’s postmaster. He was China town clerk from 1851 through 1864, and town treasurer for four years (1866, 1868 through 1870). Wikipedia says he was a member of the Maine Governor’s Council in 1870 and 1873 and a state senator in the spring of 1874.
The history says he served for 30 years as South China’s second librarian, starting in 1836 (the library was founded in 1830). The library was on the second floor of Abbott’s grocery store in April 1872, when most of the village burned down; it reopened in 1873, housed in Abbott’s and other people’s homes until a new building was provided in 1900.
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Nathan Redlon’s on-line information is confusing. Find a Grave says Redlon was born in 1812 (FamilySearch says Jan. 3, 1813), died Aug. 10, 1892 (FamilySearch agrees and adds “in Vassalboro”) and is buried in China’s Dudley Cemetery.
Also in that cemetery is Mary Redlon, whose gravestone says she was born in 1778 and died Aug. 5, 1866, aged 88. Find a Grave says this Mary was Nathan Redlon’s wife, and gave birth to his son George in 1863 (when she was 85). Your writer was highly skeptical, and was relieved to learn from FamilySearch that Nathan Redlon’s mother was named Mary (Hall) Redlon, born Dec. 12, 1777, in Waldoboro.
Mary Hall married John Redlon (1772 – 1854) on Nov. 14, 1791, in Newcastle. FamilySearch lists six sons and five daughters born between 1795 and 1815; Nathan was the next youngest. Mary (Hall) Redlon lived in China in 1860, FamilySearch says.
Find a Grave gives Nathan Redlon one daughter, Frances, and one son, George. Daughter Frances A. was born in 1841; the photo of her gravestone in Dudley Cemetery says her parents were Nathan and Elizabeth Redlon, and she died April 10, 1870, aged 29.
FamilySearch says Redlon married Elizabeth Brown about 1836, and they had at least three sons and two daughters. However, the site gives no information about Elizabeth or their children, skipping instead to what appears to be Redlon’s second family by his second wife, Mary Eleanor Martin.
She was born Nov. 25, 1831, in Thomaston; married Nathan Redlon on Sept. 7, 1851, in Union; lived in China for about 20 years; and died in Bath on Aug. 26, 1921.
FamilySearch names Nathan and Mary’s seven sons and four daughters, born between 1852 (a son who died within a year) and 1882 (when Nathan was 70). George M. is listed as the third son and sixth child of this marriage: born Oct. 31 (or Nov. 1), 1863, in China, died Dec. 2, 1882, aged 19. He, too, is buried in Dudley Cemetery.
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Your writer failed to find any information about China’s third selectman in 1864, John Libbey.
Main sources:
China town reports
Grow, Mary M., China Maine Bicentennial History including 1984 revisions (1984)
Websites, miscellaneous.