Vahan Kerobyan on Economic Growth
Vahan Kerobyan, that was not funny!
Subscribe and listen on your favorite platform: http://linktr.ee/groong
President Armen Sarkissian Resigns
So what was the real reason Armen Sarkissian resigned as president?
Was it really lack of influence that he finally learned about 4 years into his term?
Or maybe it was Hetq's alleged discovery of his dual (triple?) citizenship?
Subscribe and listen to the full episode here: http://linktr.ee/groong
Russia-NATO Standoff over Ukraine
In these times of escalating US - Russia rhetoric, we appreciate voices of rationality and reason like John Evans, Jack Matlock (former US ambassador to USSR) and Anatol Lieven.
Subscribe and listen to the full episode here: http://linktr.ee/groong
Renewed Fighting & the OSCE MG | Border Demarcation | Fate of Sotq | Diplomatic Relations (Ep. 33)
ANN/Groong Week in Review Episode 33 - Dec 13, 2020
Topics Covered:
- Renewed Fighting & the OSCE MG visit
- Expedited Border Demarcation?
- What will happen to Sotq?
- Diplomatic Relations with Azerbaijan?
Your Hosts:
- Asbed Bedrossian
- Hovik Manucharyan
Resident Panelists:
- Emil Sanamyan
- Pietro Shakarian
Recorded: Dec 13, 2020
Turkey and Azerbaijan Connecting | Armenia’s Political Opposition Uniting | Does Putin support Pashinyan? | Robert Kocharyan Interview (Ep. 30)
ANN/Groong Week in Review Episode 30 - Dec 6, 2020
Topics Covered:
- Turkey and Azerbaijan Connecting
- Armenia’s Political Opposition Uniting
- Does Putin support Pashinyan?
- Robert Kocharyan Interview
Resident Panelists:
- Varuzhan Geghamyan
- Asbed Kotchikian
Your Hosts:
- Asbed Bedrossian
- Hovik Manucharyan
Recorded: Dec 6, 2020
Border Demarcation between Armenia and Azerbaijan | The Scene in Yerevan | COVID Update | Armenia Fund support for the post-war Economy (Ep. 29)
ANN/Groong Week in Review Episode 29 - Nov 29, 2020
Topics Covered:
- Border Demarcation between Armenia and Azerbaijan
- The Scene in Yerevan
- COVID Update
- Armenia Fund support for the post-war Economy
Your Hosts:
- Asbed Bedrossian
- Hovik Manucharyan
Resident Panelists:
- Asbed Kotchikian
- Hrant Mikaelian
Recorded: Nov 29, 2020
Border Demarcation between Armenia and Azerbaijan | The Scene in Yerevan | COVID Update | Armenia Fund support for the post-war Economy (Ep. 29)
ANN/Groong Week in Review Episode 29 - Nov 29, 2020
Topics Covered:
- Border Demarcation between Armenia and Azerbaijan
- The Scene in Yerevan
- COVID Update
- Armenia Fund support for the post-war Economy
Your Hosts:
- Asbed Bedrossian
- Hovik Manucharyan
Resident Panelists:
- Asbed Kotchikian
- Hrant Mikaelian
Recorded: Nov 29, 2020
CoG: Soviet or Armenian? The Life and Times of Anastas Ivanovich Mikoyan (#28 - Dec 3, 2020)
Born in Sanahin, Armenia in 1895, Anastas Ivanovich Mikoyan was the most prominent Soviet state figure of Armenian origin. A survivor, Mikoyan managed to weather every Soviet leader from Lenin to Brezhnev. He was once the #2 man in Moscow after Nikita Khrushchev, and his legacy is complex. Today on Groong, we will explore this extraordinary historical figure.
To help us unpack the historical legacy of Mikoyan, Pietro Shakarian joins us today from Cleveland. Pietro is a historian and a Ph.D. candidate in Russian History at the Ohio State University. His dissertation focuses on Mikoyan’s reforms in de-Stalinization and the nationality sphere in the Khrushchev-era USSR. His analyses on Russia, Armenia, and the post-Soviet space have appeared in The Nation, the Cleveland Plain Dealer, the Russian International Affairs Council, Russia Direct, and Hetq. He has also worked with the Gomidas Institute in London on the republication of 19th century accounts of the Russian Caucasus and Armenia.
Editors:
- Asbed Bedrossian
- Hovik Manucharyan
Anastas Mikoyan, Soviet Armenia, Artsakh-Karabakh, Great Terror, Joseph Stalin, Lavrentii Beria, Nikita Khrushchev, Khrushchev Thaw, de-Stalinization, Yerevan, Lori, Sanahin, Alaverdi, Syunik (Zangezur), Meghri, Lake Sevan, Arpa-Sevan canal, Caucasus
The war ends. What are the terms of the deal? | Pax Russiana | The extent of Turkey’s presence in Azerbaijan | Jubilation in Baku (Ep. 27)
ANN/Groong Week in Review - Nov 15, 2020
Episode 27
Topics Covered:
- The war ends. What are the terms of the deal?
- Pax Russiana
- The extent of Turkey’s presence in Azerbaijan
- Jubilation in Baku
Your Hosts:
- Asbed Bedrossian
- Hovik Manucharyan
Resident Panelists:
- Asbed Kotchikian
- Emil Sanamyan
- Artyom Tonoyan
Episode 27 | Recorded: Nov 15, 2020
The war ends. Who won, and who lost? | Pax Russiana | The extent of Turkey’s presence in Azerbaijan | Jubilation in Baku (Ep. 27)
ANN/Groong Week in Review - Nov 15, 2020
Episode 27
Topics Covered:
- The war ends. What are the terms of the deal?
- Pax Russiana
- The extent of Turkey’s presence in Azerbaijan
- Jubilation in Baku
Your Hosts:
- Asbed Bedrossian
- Hovik Manucharyan
Resident Panelists:
- Asbed Kotchikian
- Emil Sanamyan
- Artyom Tonoyan
Episode 27 | Recorded: Nov 15, 2020
Six weeks of war | What is Russia thinking? | To recognize or not to recognize (Ep. 26)
ANN/Groong Week in Review Episode 26 - Nov 8, 2020
Topics Covered:
- Six weeks of war, what to do next.
- What is Russia thinking?
- To recognize or not to recognize.
Your Hosts:
- Asbed Bedrossian
- Hovik Manucharyan
Resident Panelists:
- Asbed Kotchikian
- Emil Sanamyan
- Yeghia Tashjian
Recorded: Nov 7, 2020
CoG: Artsakh in the Arab Media (#24 - Oct 28, 2020)
Conversations on Groong:
Artsakh in the Arab Media (#24 - Oct 28, 2020)
Since September 27, Azerbaijan has been waging an all out war on Artsakh, cluster-bombing towns and villages and killing civilians and destroying churches and cultural centers, with the aim to destroy and depopulate the region. The worldwide Armenian Diaspora has come together to fight this existential threat.
We’ve read much about the Diaspora’s activities around most of the world, but what about the Arab world? This episode explores some of the challenges and opportunities that the Armenian communities in the Arab world face.
To help guide today’s Conversation on Groong, we have with us Prof. Asbed Kotchikian, who is a senior lecturer of political science and international relations at Bentley University in Massachusetts where he teaches courses on the Middle East and the former Soviet space.
Prof. Kotchikian is joined by:
Katia Peltekian, who has been teaching at the American University of Beirut since 1988. She has published two books which compile newspaper articles and reports from the Genocide years published in the Canadian and British press. Katia has been compiling news for the Armenian News Network Groong since 1999.
And
Vera Yacoubian, who is the executive director of the Armenian National committee of the Middle East. She’s a PhD candidate in political science and a lecturer at the American university of Beirut (AUB) in politics. Vera also teaches courses on The Armenian Genocide at Haigazian university.
Editors:
- Asbed Bedrossian
- Hovik Manucharyan
International diplomacy | Turkey’s endgame | War and post-war economy | Update on COVID (Ep. 23)
ANN/Groong Week in Review Episode 23 - Oct 25, 2020
Topics Covered:
- International diplomacy on the move?
- What is Turkey’s endgame?
- War and post-war economy
- Update on COVID
Your Hosts:
- Asbed Bedrossian
- Hovik Manucharyan
Resident Panelists:
- Asbed Kotchikian
- Hrant Mikaelian
- Emil Sanamyan
Recorded: Oct 25, 2020
ANN/Groong WiR (#22 - Oct 18, 2020) | Artsakh War back to 9/27 | War Council | Diaspora mobilization
Topics Covered:
- In retrospect: Tracing our steps back to Sep 27
- Call from extra-parliamentary opposition for a war council
- Mobilization of the Armenian diaspora
Your Hosts:
- Asbed Bedrossian
- Hovik Manucharyan
Resident Panelists:
- Asbed Kotchikian
- Emil Sanamyan
Recorded: Oct 18, 2020
ANN/Groong WiR (#21 - Oct 12, 2020)
Topics Covered:
- Security situation on the ground;
- Diplomatic activity, short & long term goals;
- Humanitarian impact in Artsakh & Armenia;
- Effect of social media on the war.
Your Hosts:
- Asbed Bedrossian
- Asbed Kotchikian
Resident Panelists:
- Lara Aharonian: Co-founder & co-director of the Women's Resource Center NGO in Yerevan
- Robert Avetisyan: Representative of Nagorno Karabakh Republic in the US
Recorded: Oct 12, 2020
ANN/Groong WiR (#20 - Oct 4, 2020)
Topics Covered:
- Stepanakert under persistent bombardment using banned cluster bombs.
- Turkey’s role in the war.
- Why is Russia quiet?
- What can we expect next?
---
This episode of the podcast was fully devoted to the war in Artsakh. It was recorded on the morning of Saturday, Oct 3 Pacific time while one of our guests, Varuzhan Geghamyan was in Stepanakert as the city was undergoing constant bombardment.
Unfortunately, the air assault on Stepanakert and other civilian areas of Artsakh seems to have only intensified with more active use of cluster bombs, long-range missiles and suicide drones. As of early Monday morning (Pacific time) we have confirmed that Varuzhan is OK though he communicated that the situation is dangerous as the city is still under constant bombardment.
The use of cluster munitions, let alone targeting of civilian structures, is prohibited by international law and it seems that the dictator in Baku, Ilham Aliyev, is intent to level the city to the ground. As of this time, according to the Artsakh foreign ministry, 19 civilians have been killed, 80 wounded, and over 2700 property and civilian infrastructure has been damaged. We’re worried about the safety of Artsakh’s peaceful civilian population and urge you to raise awareness of this travesty among your non-Armenian friends and elected representatives.
---
Resident Panelists:
- Varuzhan Geghamyan
- Asbed Kotchikian
- Marine Manucharyan
- Emil Sanamyan
Hosts:
- Asbed Bedrossian
- Hovik Manucharyan
Recorded: Oct 3, 2020
CoG: Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict in Regional Context - Libaridian / De Waal (#19 - Oct 3, 2020)
It has now been 7 days since Azerbaijan initiated a wide-scale attack against Armenia and Artsakh. The tragic news of deaths and destruction continue to stream in every hour.
In today’s conversation on Groong, we talk to Jirair Libaridian and Thomas DeWaal about the regional geopolitics that helped create a ripe environment for renewed fighting and various potential scenarios that may develop as a result of it.
Questions explored:
- What was the path leading to the latest escalation?
- Why has Turkey taken an active role in the conflict?
- Was Russia caught off-guard with the escalation?
- Does the OSCE Minsk Process matter anymore?
- How does Iran factor in the conflict?
Guests:
- Thomas DeWaal
- Dr. Jirair Libaridian
Host: Asbed Kotchikian
Produced by:
- Asbed Bedrossian
- Hovik Manucharyan
Episode recorded on October 2, 2020
ANN/Groong Week in Review (Episode 18 - September 27, 2020)
SHOW NOTES:
Topics:
- The 29th Anniversary of Armenian Independence;
- Armenia’s foreign policy;
- Azerbaijan war of disinformation; and lastly
- Opposition trio rally and Tsarukyan’s arrest
Resident Panelists:
- Asbed Kotchikian
- Marine Manucharyan
- Emil Sanamyan
Hosts:
- Asbed Bedrossian
- Hovik Manucharyan
Recorded: Sep 26, 2020
Conversations on Groong: “Velvet Revolution” Two Years On - Part 1 (Episode 17 - September 25, 2020)
Conversations on Groong: “Velvet Revolution” Two Years On - Part 1 (Episode 17 - September 25, 2020)
It’s been two and a half years since the dramatic popular protests of 2018 that resulted in the resignation of Serge Sargsyan and the subsequent election of Nikol Pashinyan as Prime Minister in Armenia. The change in power, which is commonly referred to as “The Velvet Revolution”, gave many the hope of a more democratic Armenia. Many promises were made in 2018, and mid-way through this administration many of us want to know how the Armenian government is delivering on those promises.
In this Conversation On Groong, we talk to two long-time activists who ended up on opposite sides of the fence on this topic with one becoming a member of parliament while the other a fiery critic of the government.
Marine Manucharyan is the president of the Civic Forum NGO. She holds a Masters degree in Educational Management from Yerevan State University. Since 2004, she has been a civic and political activist and has worked with a number of local and international organizations. Her main areas of focus include Nagorno Karabakh, the Armenian Armed Forces, National Security and Foreign Policy.
Mikael Zolyan is a member of the National Assembly of Armenia. He has a Ph.D. in history from Yerevan State University, and has taught at the Yerevan State University of Linguistics and Social Sciences, his research focuses on issues of nationalism, conflict and democratization. Currently Zolyan is a member of the standing committee on Foreign Affairs of the National Assembly of Armenia.
Topics:
- Introduction to guests
- Democratization
- Corruption
Guests:
- Marine Manucharyan
- Mikael Zolyan
Host: Asbed Kotchikian
Hosts:
- Asbed Bedrossian
- Hovik Manucharyan
Episode recorded on September 23, 2020
ANN/Groong Week in Review (Episode 16 - September 20, 2020)
SHOW NOTES: https://bit.ly/2FVpjSE
Topics:
- Constitutional Court Appointment
- Armenia’s Growing National Debt
- Calls for the Resignation of the Minister of Education
- Escalated Tensions on the Armenian-Azerbaijan border
- Armenian Soldier dies amidst escalation
- Azerbaijan again slams negotiations, turns away Russian AWACS
- Khodorkovsky Publishes New Dossier on Armenian & Azerbaijan
- Bob Dole hired by Embassy of Armenia as a Lobbyist
Resident Panelists:
- Hrant Mikaelyan
- Emil Sanamyan
- Alen Zamanyan
Hosts:
- Asbed Bedrossian
- Hovik Manucharyan
Conversations on Groong: Telecommunications Security in Armenia (Episode 15 - September 15, 2020)
Background and formulation of the telecoms market in Armenia
Telecommunications market in Armenia started with the monopoly of the incumbent operator ArmenTel owned jointly by Greek state owned company OTE (90%) and Armenian government (10%). The sale-purchase agreement granted ArmenTel (recently rebranded to VEON) exclusive rights to provide basic telecommunications services including international Internet connectivity, mobile and fixed telephony. ArmenTel’s monopoly remained till 2005 when after a series of negotiations the monopoly on mobile communication was abolished and the second operator entered the market.
In 2007 OTE sold its shares to Vimpelcom, a Russian private company operated under Beeline trademark. Shortly after that Armenian government agreed to sell Vimplecom remained 10% of state owned shares in exchange of liberalization of all telecommunication markets. 2008 can be named as a beginning of Armenian liberal telecommunications market.
Today, Armenia has three major mobile service providers: two (VEON-Armenia and MTS-Armenia) owned by Russian businesses and one (Ucom) owned by a mixed capital of Armenian and Russian rich families. There are also three leading wireline operators: also two Russina (VEON-Armenia and GNC Alpha also known as Rostelecom) and Ucom.
One of the most recent development on Armenian telecom market has been Ucom’s intention to purchase VEON that failed due to criminal charged have been brought against one of its owners, Gurgen Khachatryan, the son of former head of state revenue service authority Gagik Khchatryan, who has been arrested and charged of misuse of state budget and money laundering. The story did not stop on this, but it is out of the today main discussion topic today.
Azerbaijan’s stake in Georgia’s Caucasus Online
Over the past few months, we’ve seen a public tussle between Georgian regulatory firms and a Azeri company called NEQSOL which acquired 49% of Caucasus Online, a Georgian telecommu
ANN/Groong Week in Review (Episode 14 - September 13, 2020)
SHOW NOTES: https://bit.ly/3iwMQHR
Topics:
- Electoral Reforms in Armenia
- Journalist Dana Mazalová passes away
- ANSEF Reorganization
- My Step MP Arsen Julfalakyan Resigns from Parliament
- Russian Opposition Leader Navalny’s Poisoning and Recovery
- What is going on in Baku?
- Azeri pressure on Arms Providers to Armenia
- Aliyev vs. Aliyeva?
- Caucasus 2020 Joint Military Exercises and those MIA
Resident Panelists:
- Asbed Kotchikian
- Emil Sanamyan
- Alen Zamanyan
Hosts:
- Asbed Bedrossian
- Hovik Manucharyan
ANN/Groong Week in Review (Episode 13 - September 6, 2020)
SHOW NOTES: https://bit.ly/2FcYqt3
Topics:
- Adios Madrid?
- A New Repatriation Package & iGorts
- Adios Torosyan?
- Update on Covid in Armenia and State of Emergency
- Panelist Soapboxes
Special Guest: David Sandukhchyan
Resident Panelists:
- Asbed Kotchikian
- Emil Sanamyan
Hosts:
- Asbed Bedrossian
- Hovik Manucharyan
Conversations on Groong: Judicial reforms, data protection and privacy in Armenia (Episode 12 - September 5, 2020)
Armenia has European grade laws in the areas of finance, business, data protection and privacy. What is preventing Armenia from achieving its full potential in foreign direct investment (FDI)? Why do many Armenian startups incorporate in foreign countries, and use Armenia as their offshore labor resource?
Guest
Our guest today is David Sandukhchyan, who is an Armenian lawyer with 20 years of experience in telecommunications, cyber law, media and personal data protection. He started his legal career as an Internet freedom advocate and made substantial contributions to the development of media, telecommunication and technology legislation in Armenia.
David was Chief Counsel for over 8 years at Beeline, one of the leading Armenian telecom operators. From 2005 to 2007 he was a member of the Council of Europe expert group on human rights in information society and committee of experts on electronic democracy.
Today David lives in Toronto, Canada and as a private consultant he is involved in many Internet freedom, data protection and telecommunications development projects. He holds a BA degree in law and a Master’s in physics. He is a certified ISO information security auditor with a Certificate in Advanced Cyber Security from York University in Toronto.
Analysis and Discussion
What were some of the major headaches of the chief counsel for one of the largest telecom operators in Armenia?
How did the government’s relationship with large companies evolve over your nearly a decade at Armentel?
Are there citizen initiatives like the EFF to champion privacy protections in Armenia?
Armenia prides itself as the “Silicon Valley of the former USSR” and we have seen some successes where a number of Armenian startups eventually got a significant amount of VC investment in Armenia. Some of the major success stories pride themselves in having a value that’s measured in the hundreds of millions or even billions of dollars. For instance, the best-known startup P
ANN/Groong Week in Review (Episode 11 - August 30, 2020)
SHOW NOTES: https://bit.ly/32NdyFp
Topics:
- Armenian POW Gurgen Alaverdyan
- Armenia’s Humanitarian Aid to Aleppo
- Serge Sargsyan’s Interview and the Four-Day War Deliberations
- National Awards
- Vagharshak Harutyunyan’s Appointment as Chief Advisor to Pashinyan
Resident Panelists:
- Asbed Kotchikian
- Emil Sanamyan
- Alen Zamanyan
Hosts:
- Hovik Manucharyan
- Asbed Bedrossian
Conversations on Groong: Turkey (Part 2)
In this second part of our Conversation On Groong on Turkey, Asbed Kotchikian continues to explore Turkey’s transformation throughout the twentieth century and into the twenty first, and the underlying dynamics powering these changes.
Topics:
- Turkey: Zero Problems?
Turkey has been pursuing a more active foreign policy towards its neighbors in the Caucasus and the Former Soviet space. What are the driving forces behind this foreign policy?
- Azerbaijan: The Myth of Brotherly Relations?
- Armenia: From Diplomatic Overtures to a Mini Cold War
Host: Asbed Kotchikian
Panelists:
- Varuzhan Geghamyan
- Ara Sanjian
- Vahram Ter-Matevosyan
- Diana Yayloyan
Produced by:
- Hovik Manucharyan
- Asbed Bedrossian
Conversation on Turkey (Part 1)
In 2002, Turkey’s Justice and Development Party (AKP) won a sweeping victory in the country’s general elections, dominating and shaping domestic and foreign policies of Turkey for nearly two decades to this date. Outwardly, under Erdogan’s and AKP’s leadership, Turkey has transformed from a country with a stated and acclaimed foreign policy seeking “zero problems with neighbors” to one that is actively engaged in economic, political and military rivalry with its Middle East and other regional neighbors, as well as balancing global players. Armenia is deeply affected by the quality of relationships that Turkey conducts with each of its neighbors.
In this first part of our Conversation on Groong about Turkey, we explore Continuity and Change in Political Culture and Foreign Policy in Turkey covering transition from Kemalism to Islamism, as defined by the AKP. We look at how recent events fit together within the framework of continuous, yet changing, state policies. We also discuss Turkey’s foreign policy in the Middle East and Eastern Mediterranean.
Topics:
- Turkey’s Transformation in Historical Perspective
How has Turkey transformed in the last several decades moving from Kemalism to Islamism?
- Change and Continuity of Turkish Political Culture
How has the political culture in Turkey changed in the past two decades? How have those changes influenced Turkey’s policies domestically (minorities, political parties, etc) as well as in its Foreign policy?
- Turkey’s Foreign Policy
Turkey has been pursuing a more active foreign policy. What are the driving forces behind this foreign policy? How can we explain Turkish expanding influence from its immediate neighborhood to the larger mediterranean?
Host: Asbed Kotchikian
Panelists:
- Varuzhan Geghamyan
- Ara Sanjian
- Vahram Ter-Matevosyan
- Diana Yayloyan
Produced by:
- Hovik Manucharyan
- Asbed Bedrossian
Armenian News Network - Groong: Week in Review Podcast (Episode 8 - August 16, 2020)
EPISODE 8 NOTES:
This Week in Review we talk with Hrant Mikaelian to discuss important issues and developments around Armenia, such as the Coronavirus Pandemic, and its economic effect; Armenia’s membership in EurAsian Economic Union and the economic effect of that organization on Armenia; and some of the trends affecting Russia and its economy.
Hrant will then join us in our weekly lightning round of questions from the past week’s headlines, to analyze Prime Minister Pashinyan’s interview with BBC’s HARDtalk; the presidential elections in Belarus; and the continuing standoff at Amulsar Gold Mine between Lydian and local residents and environmental activists.
Topics:
1. Interview with Hrant Mikaelian
2. Lightning Round:
- Nikol Pashinyan’s Interview on BBC HARDtalk
- Belarus Presidential Elections
- Amulsar Gold Mine
Special Guest: Hrant Mikaelian
Resident Panelists:
- Asbed Kotchikian
- Artyom Tonoyan
- Alen Zamanyan
Hosts:
- Hovik Manucharyan
- Asbed Bedrossian
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Conversations on Groong: Education Reform in Armenia (August 13, 2020)
Education Reform in Armenia
Asbed Kotchikian talks with Ara Sanjian & Siranush Dvoyan
Topics:
- Background of education reform(s) in Armenia
- In depth analysis of the content, standards & measurable outcomes of the proposed curriculum’s history & literature segments.
- Challenges of implementing the proposed curriculum
In recent months, Armenia’s government has published its proposal for K-12 curriculum reform in Armenian schools. The new curriculum, which includes education standards and learning outcomes, proved to be quite controversial with many individuals and groups criticizing one aspect or another of the proposed curriculum notably the segments on literature and Armenian history. These criticisms ranged from in-depth critique of the content of the proposed plan to outlandish and sometimes baseless accusations. In order to shed some light on this issue specifically the history and literature components of the new proposed curriculum, this week we have invited two scholars who have been following these debates and the content of the new curriculum intimately.
Asbed Kotchikian is a senior lecturer of political science and international relations at Bentley University in Massachusetts where he teaches courses on the Middle East and former Soviet space. Prof. Kotchikian is also a consultant for international organizations on issues of judicial reform, ways to combat radicalization and on ethnic and religious minorities. He discusses the proposed reforms with:
Prof. Ara Sanjian is Associate Professor of History and the Director of the Armenian Research Center at University of Michigan, Dearborn. He received his undergraduate degree from Yerevan State University (YSU) in what was then the Soviet Republic of Armenia, and has been involved in numerous academic projects in Armenia. His research interests focus on the post-World War I history of Armenia, Turkey and the Arab states of Western Asia. And:
Prof. Siranush Dvoyan is a literary studies scholar a
