25/08/2025
Your detailed explanation provides an excellent overview of the various types of megalithic monuments found across the British Isles. These structures, built by Neolithic peoples between 4000 BC and 1500 BC, are a testament to the sophistication and communal effort of these ancient societies.
Menhirs are the simplest form, a single, large, upright stone set into the ground. While a single menhir can be a monument in its own right, they often appear in complex arrangements like circles, ovals, and lines, and it is in these groups that we see the most impressive feats of engineering. The uneven, yet often squared and tapering, shape of each stone is a consistent feature across these sites. The term menhir itself is derived from the Breton words "men" (stone) and "hir" (long).
When arranged in a circular formation, these stones are sometimes referred to as a henge, though this term technically describes the circular bank and ditch that often surrounds such stone circles, like at the famous Stonehenge. Other related structures include dolmens, which are believed to have been used as tomb markers, with their distinctive arrangement of upright slabs topped by a large capstone. A trilithon, as seen at Stonehenge, is a more specific term for a structure of two upright stones topped by a third lintel stone. Finally, cairns are more rudimentary markers, a pyramid-like heap of stones often used to mark a summit, a path, or a burial site. These diverse forms of stone monuments all provide a fascinating glimpse into the beliefs, rituals, and engineering capabilities of our ancestors.