
07/10/2025
the three main layers of soil: topsoil, subsoil, and bedrock. The topsoil contains humus—decomposed organic matter—which enriches the soil with nutrients vital for plant growth. Below that is the subsoil, which has less organic material and more minerals, followed by the bedrock, which forms the base and slowly breaks down into soil over time. Soil components can include rock, clay, silt, sand, and humus, all contributing to soil structure, fertility, and water retention.