09/23/2025
The State of Biafra!
As the Nigeria–Biafra hostilities raged, the question of recognition hovered like a shadow over the fledgling state. A handful of nations (Tanzania, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Zambia, and Haiti) extended full recognition. Others, such as France, Spain, Portugal, Norway, Rhodesia, South Africa, and Israel, stopped short of doing so before the war’s end. The United States, restrained by the United Kingdom’s strategic interests, chose ambiguity. Many argue that Washington, troubled by the human toll of the war and pressing its concerns to London, might eventually have granted recognition had the conflict dragged on.
For Biafra, recognition was real, yet incomplete.
Today, the challenge would be even steeper. Admission as a full member of the United Nations requires the approval of the Security Council. Of its 15 members, at least nine must vote in favor. Yet the decisive hurdle lies with the five permanent powers—China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. A single "No" vote is enough to collapse the entire pursuit of nationhood.
The current Security Council underscores this imbalance. Alongside the permanent five sit Algeria, Denmark, Greece, Guyana, Pakistan, Panama, the Republic of Korea, Sierra Leone, Slovenia, and Somalia. Some might extend sympathy, others caution—but ultimately, the gatekeepers remain the same five powers—China, France, Russia, the U.K., and the U.S.
The path to nationhood is a long and challenging one.
First, a territory must declare independence.
Second, it must secure recognition from a critical mass of states.
Third, it must win a Security Council recommendation.
Fourth, the UN General Assembly will then cast its largely ceremonial vote of approval.
In truth, the decisive trial always lies before the Security Council, where unanimity among the permanent members—China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States—is non-negotiable.
The last nation to navigate this labyrinth was South Sudan. On July 9, 2011, it declared independence after decades of struggle. Within five days, it was admitted as the UN’s 193rd member state. Sadly, South Sudan has not known peace even after that. That precedent offers both inspiration and caution: the machinery of nationhood is neither swift nor impartial.
For Biafra of the 1960s, the struggle was not simply one of arms but of recognition—of convincing the world that a people’s declaration of selfhood merited equal standing in the community of nations. That struggle, though unfinished in its own time, mirrors dilemmas that persist today: recognition without unanimous consensus (of the five superpowers—China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States), statehood without statehood, sovereignty perpetually deferred.
“The struggle for recognition didn’t end with Biafra. It echoes in today’s world.