09/17/2026
India records the highest annual freshwater withdrawals in this ranking at 761 billion mÂł per year, followed by China at 581 billion mÂł and the United States at 444 billion mÂł. Indonesia and Pakistan complete the top five, at 223 billion mÂł and 183 billion mÂł, respectively.
Agriculture is the dominant pressure across much of the list. It accounts for more than 90% of withdrawals in India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Iran and Vietnam, with Vietnam recording the highest agricultural share at 94.8%. China also directs 62.1% of its withdrawals to agriculture despite its large industrial base.
The United States presents a notably different profile. Industry accounts for 45.3% of withdrawals, compared with 39.7% for agriculture and 15.0% for domestic use, making it the only country in this Top 10 where industry represents the largest share.
Japan stands out at the other end of the sector mix: 18.9% of withdrawals go to domestic use, the highest proportion among these ten countries, while agriculture accounts for 68.0%.
The comparison underscores an important distinction in global water use: high withdrawal volumes do not necessarily mean the same kind of demand. Irrigation, industrial activity and household use place very different pressures on national water systems, and total withdrawals alone do not indicate how water-stressed a country may be.
Source: Economy Insights, based on FAO AQUASTAT/ World Bank data, 2018–2020
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Photo source: Sustainable Water Network (SWAN).