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Clinical officer's Learning corner Our aim is to Save lives

20/07/2025

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19/07/2025

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CLINICIAN TO CLINICIAN

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19/07/2025

CLINICIAN TO CLINICIAN

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ATHEROSCLEROSIS ✅✅✅Atherosclerosis is a condition in which the arteries become narrowed and hardened due to a buildup of...
19/07/2025

ATHEROSCLEROSIS ✅✅✅
Atherosclerosis is a condition in which the arteries become narrowed and hardened due to a buildup of plaque (a mixture of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances) on the inner walls of the blood vessels. This condition can lead to serious problems, including heart attack, stroke, and peripheral artery disease.

OR

The build-up of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls.
A build up of cholesterol plaque in the walls of arteries, causing obstruction of blood flow. Plaques may rupture, causing acute occlusion of the artery by clot.

Cause✅
Damage to the inner lining of the artery (endothelium), often from:

👉High blood pressure (hypertension)

👉Smoking

👉High cholesterol

👉Diabetes

👉Inflammation

Progression✅
👉Endothelial damage

👉LDL cholesterol enters the vessel wall

👉White blood cells (macrophages) try to digest the LDL → become foam cells

👉Fatty streaks form → develop into plaque

👉Plaque hardens → artery narrows

👉Plaque may rupture → blood clot (thrombosis)

Symptoms✅ (often appear late):
👉Coronary arteries (heart): Chest pain (angina), heart attack

👉Carotid arteries (brain): Stroke, sudden numbness, speech problems

👉Peripheral arteries (limbs): Leg pain while walking (claudication)

👉Renal arteries (kidneys): High blood pressure, kidney failure

Diagnosis✅
Blood tests (cholesterol, sugar)

👉ECG, Stress Test

👉Ultrasound, CT Angiography

👉Coronary Angiogram

Treatment✅
Lifestyle changes

👉Quit smoking

👉Healthy diet (low in saturated fat and cholesterol)

👉Regular exercise

👉Weight control

Medications💊

👉Statins (lower cholesterol)

👉Antiplatelets (e.g., aspirin)

👉Blood pressure meds (ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers)

👉Procedures (if severe):

👉Angioplasty and stent placement

👉Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)

Prevention:✅
Manage risk factors (diabetes, cholesterol, BP)

👉Avoid to***co

👉Eat fiber-rich diet

👉Stay physically active

ECG (Electrocardiogram) Interpretation is the process of analyzing the electrical activity of the heart to detect abnorm...
19/07/2025

ECG (Electrocardiogram) Interpretation is the process of analyzing the electrical activity of the heart to detect abnormalities in heart rhythm, conduction, and structure. Here's a step-by-step guide for a basic ECG interpretation:

👉1. Confirm the Basics
Patient name & date/time

Standard settings:

Paper speed: 25 mm/s

Amplitude: 10 mm/mV

Lead placement: standard 12-lead

👉2. Rate
Normal: 60–100 bpm

Count QRS complexes in a 10-second strip and multiply by 6
(or use the 300 rule for regular rhythm: 300 ÷ number of large boxes between R waves)

👉3. Rhythm
Is it regular or irregular?

Check:

P waves before each QRS?

QRS after each P wave?

Consistent PR interval?

👉4. P Waves
Present or absent?

Same shape?

Normal: upright in leads I, II, aVF; inverted in aVR

👉5. PR Interval (normal: 0.12–0.20 sec)
Prolonged → 1st-degree AV block

Short → pre-excitation (e.g., WPW)

👉6. QRS Complex (normal: 440 ms in men or > 460 ms in women → prolonged

Causes: drugs, low calcium/potassium/magnesium

👉10. Axis
Normal: Lead I & aVF both positive

Left axis deviation → Lead I positive, aVF negative

Right axis deviation → Lead I negative, aVF positive

19/07/2025

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INTERMEDIATE & FINALISTS 📚 Serious Tuition for Serious Medical Students! 📚☑️Struggling with studies? Need strict guidanc...
19/07/2025

INTERMEDIATE & FINALISTS

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19/07/2025

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18/07/2025

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