Clinical officer's Learning corner

Clinical officer's Learning corner Our aim is to Save lives
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10/10/2025

I guess my CV is too Good ,different companies are still reading it for 8 months……

10/10/2025

What is the other name for pregnancy 🤔
Ati pass😭
Ku MBALA Nako😂

Congratulations 🍾🎉 Your sleepless nights has paid offFlorence Welcome to the winning 🏆 team MEDICAL LICENTIATE📌📌✅ML
10/10/2025

Congratulations 🍾🎉
Your sleepless nights has paid off
Florence
Welcome to the winning 🏆 team
MEDICAL LICENTIATE📌📌✅ML

10/10/2025

For Medical Licentiate tuitions (Lessons) WhatsApp 969236160

10/10/2025

Internship whereby you even offer to work for free yashupa what more inchito😂🙄

Congratulations 🎉🍾 To you Clementina 📚📚🇿🇲Clinical officer general (COG)
10/10/2025

Congratulations 🎉🍾
To you Clementina 📚📚🇿🇲
Clinical officer general (COG)

Pharmacology promoJoin our pharmacology lessons 🔥🔥🔥⁨⁨Today WhatsApp 969236160
10/10/2025

Pharmacology promo
Join our pharmacology lessons 🔥🔥🔥⁨
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WhatsApp 969236160

Team November🔥🔥Tuitions promo For (Intermediate,finalists & ML🔥🔥🫢First 20 people to inbox ⁨⁨WhatSApp ⁨Will pay you K2...
10/10/2025

Team November🔥🔥

Tuitions promo For (Intermediate,finalists & ML🔥🔥🫢
First 20 people to inbox ⁨
⁨
WhatSApp ⁨
Will pay you K200 two months for all the courses👇👇
Medicine
Surgery
Obgy
MHP,
Pediatrics

We also offer
Anatomy & physiology
Bionutrion
Pharmacology c
Clinical methods
Pathology
WhatsApp ⁨⁨ 969236160

BREASTFEEDING✅📌Description📌Human milk is recommended as the exclusive feed for all term infants for the first 6 months o...
10/10/2025

BREASTFEEDING✅📌

Description
📌Human milk is recommended as the exclusive feed for all term infants for the first 6 months of life. Human milk is also recommended for preterm infants but may need fortification. All mothers should be encouraged and supported to breastfeed. Commence breast feeding counselling early in pregnancy and at the time of birth mothers should be assisted with nursing their baby.

📌Advantages of breastfeeding for the baby✅

• Promotes mother infant bonding
• Readily available feed at the right temperature
• Breast milk has ideal nutritional composition
• Contains immune factors (e.g. secretory IgA)
• Breast fed babies have less feed intolerance
• Reduces incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants
• Reduces gastroenteritis and respiratory infections
• May reduce incidence and severity of eczema and asthma
📌Advantages of breastfeeding for the mother✅

• Enhances mother-infant bonding
• Enhances uterine contraction postpartum reducing postpartum haemorrhage
• More rapid postpartum weight loss
• Decreased risk of breast and ovarian cancer

📌Steps to successful breastfeeding✅

• Place the baby on the breast immediately or soon after birth
• Provide quiet supportive environment with comfortable positioning
• Feeding on demand is preferable to fixed schedule for term babies. This stimulates milk production and reduces breast fullness and discomfort for the mother. Baby may be put to the breast 8-12 or more times in 24 hours.
• Put baby to both breasts
• Emptying the breast adequately avoids engorgement
• Initial milk is colostrum, its low in volume, high in protein and immunoglobulin content. Takes 24-72 hours for mature breast milk to come in
• Warm mothers that babies initially lose weight (up to 7-10% of their birth weight). They should be back to their birth weight by day 10-14
• Do not give supplementary water or formula unless medically indicated
• Allow mothers and their infants to stay together (rooming in) 24 hours per day

📌Challenges of breastfeeding✅
• Can not tell how much milk the baby has taken. Therefore, monitor baby’s weight and urine output
• Dehydration may occur due to inadequate milk supply or poor feeding technique
• Jaundice associated with breastfeeding. It is exacerbated by inadequate breastfeeding. Continue breastfeeding even if baby requires phototherapy.
• Vitamin K deficiency – breast milk has low levels and may predispose baby to haemorrhagic disease of the newborn. Prophylactic vitamin K is required for every newborn
• Maternal feeling of inadequacy if unsuccessful
• Breast engorgement, cracked nipples – may be helped by manual expression or breast
• Mastitis – requires maternal treatment and disrupt feeding

📌Contraindications to breastfeeding✅

• Maternal HIV – exclusive breast feeding is advised unless formula feeds can be given safely based on AFASS criteria. For prevention of mother to child transmission refer to HIV guidelines in Paediatrics section.
• Maternal PTB – breast feeding relatively contraindicated in maternal active infection. Isoniazid prophylaxis is advised for the baby. Mother should breastfeed with a mask.
• Inborn errors of metabolism
• For mothers on Chemotherapy, consult oncologist on safety of breastfeeding.
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10/10/2025

Urology📌
- is the branch of medicine which studies the disease that affects the male reproductive system,the urinary system and the surgical pathology associated with the urinary system in both males and females

DISEASES OF THE PROSTATE GRANDS
- prostate is an exocrine gland located in the male pelvis,it is located below the urinary bladder in front of the rectum and surround the male urethra

FUNCTION OF THE PROSTATE GRAND
-to produce the seminal fluid that nourishes or feed and transport the sperms
- the prostate is made of the three zones namely
1 peripheral zone
2 transitional zone
3 central zone

The following are the common diseases of the prostate
1 prostatitis
2 benign prostate hyperplasia/hypertroph
3 prostate cancer

BENIGN PROSTATE HYPERPLASIA 📌
-is the disease that commonly affects male above 50yrs
-in bph we have both hyperplasia and hypertroph
-50% of male who are affected are above 50yrs
It is commonly arises from the transitional zone
-it is mainly caused by a local imbalance of the hormone called testosterone

RISK FACTORS
- di hydro testosterone
- ⁠age above 50yrs
- ⁠family history of bph
- ⁠ethinic group
- ⁠diabetes mellitus
- ⁠heart disease
- ⁠lifestyle (obesity)

SYMPTOMS
Can be classified under the acrimony of LUTS
(Lower urinary tract symptoms)

LUTS is divided into two (LUTI )& (LUTO)
-lower urinary tract obstruction
-lower urinary tract irrigation

LOTO SYMPTOMS
-hesitancy
-dribbling or terminal
-splitting
-sensation of incomplete emptying

LUTI SYMPTOMS
- dysuria
- ⁠nocturia
- ⁠polyuria

EXAMINATION
- DRE( digital rectal examination)

Findings
-the prostate is in large and irregular, film ,smooth
Overlying rectal mucosa is free
-sulcus median is not obligated

INVESTIGATIONS
-full blood 🩸 count
-serum prostate specific antigen (p.s.a)
-ultrasound
-biopsy
-histo pathology

TREATMENT
-tanisulosin
-finasteride

SURGICAL TREATMENT
-prostatectomy
-TURP
(Trans urethra resection of prostate.
Clinical officer's Learning corner
For tuitions WhatsApp ⁨969236160⁩

PREMATURITY✅✅✅✅Definition:✅Prematurity refers to the birth of a baby before 37 weeks of gestation. It is a major cause o...
10/10/2025

PREMATURITY✅✅✅✅

Definition:✅
Prematurity refers to the birth of a baby before 37 weeks of gestation. It is a major cause of infant morbidity and mortality worldwide.

Types:✅
☑️Late preterm: Born between 34-36 weeks of gestation.
☑️Moderate preterm: Born between 32-33 weeks of gestation.
☑️Very preterm: Born between 28-31 weeks of gestation.
☑️Extremely preterm: Born before 28 weeks of gestation.

Causes:✅
☑️Spontaneous preterm labor: Accounting for 70% of preterm births.
☑️Preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM): Accounting for 20-30% of preterm births.
☑️Multiple gestations: Twins, triplets, or other multiples are at higher risk of preterm birth.
☑️Maternal medical conditions: Such as hypertension, diabetes, and kidney disease.
☑️Fetal growth restriction: Fetal growth restriction can increase the risk of preterm birth.
☑️Uterine anomalies: Abnormalities in the shape or structure of the uterus.
☑️Cervical insufficiency: Weakening of the cervix, leading to preterm birth.

Signs and symptoms:✅
☑️Regular uterine contractions: Before 37 weeks of gestation.
☑️Vaginal bleeding: May occur due to placental abruption or other complications.
☑️Abdominal pain: May occur due to uterine contractions or other complications.
☑️Back pain: May occur due to uterine contractions or other complications.

Maternal causes:☑️
☑️Hypertension: High blood pressure can increase the risk of preterm birth.
☑️Diabetes: Uncontrolled diabetes can increase the risk of preterm birth.
☑️Kidney disease: Chronic kidney disease can increase the risk of preterm birth.
☑️Infections: Such as urinary tract infections or group B strep infections.

Fetal causes:✅
☑️Fetal growth restriction: Fetal growth restriction can increase the risk of preterm birth.
☑️Fetal anomalies: Congenital anomalies can increase the risk of preterm birth.
☑️Fetal distress: Fetal distress can increase the risk of preterm birth.

Investigation✅
☑️Ultrasound: To confirm gestational age and fetal well-being.
☑️Fetal monitoring: To monitor fetal heart rate and well-being.
☑️Maternal blood tests: To monitor maternal blood pressure, blood sugar, and other parameters.
☑️Urine tests: To monitor for urinary tract infections or other complications.

Management:✅
☑️Corticosteroids: To promote fetal lung maturity.
☑️Tocolytics: To delay preterm birth.
☑️Antibiotics: To treat infections.
☑️Fetal monitoring: To monitor fetal well-being.
☑️Maternal rest: To reduce stress and promote fetal well-being.
☑️Delivery: May be necessary if preterm birth is imminent or if there are concerns about fetal or maternal well-being.

Clinical officer's Learning corner
FOR TUITIONS WHATSAPP ⁨969236160⁩

APNOEA OF PREMATURITY ✅✅Apnoea is absence of breathing for more than 20 seconds and may result in cyanosis, bradycardia ...
10/10/2025

APNOEA OF PREMATURITY ✅✅

Apnoea is absence of breathing for more than 20 seconds and may result in cyanosis, bradycardia and/or desaturation. Apnoea of Prematurity is caused by immaturity of the respiratory centre. Apnoea occurs in >50% of neonates

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Lusaka

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